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Thyroid Information - Iodine

Iodine  -  Help with proper thyroid gland functioning

Kelp  - Yogurt  -  Milk  -  Eggs  -  Strawberries  -  Mozarella cheese

What can indicate a need for more high-iodine foods?

• Goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Depression

- Sea vegetables, yogurt, cow's milk, eggs, strawberries and mozzarella cheese. Fish and shellfish can also be concentrated sources of iodine.

Kelp  Yogurt  Milk   Eggs   Strawberries   Mozarella cheese

Iodine -

a trace mineral, is required by the body for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (T4 contains 4 iodine atoms. When one of the iodine atoms is stripped off of T4, it becomes T3, with 3 iodine atoms remaining.) Your body contains 20 to 30 mg of iodine, stored in your thyroid gland, in the front of your neck, under your voice box.

Without iodine, the  body is unable to synthesize these hormones.

Goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland, is often the earliest symptom of iodine deficiency. Goiter is attributed to lack of iodine.

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Iodine deficiency may lead to hypothyroidism, which causes a variety of symptoms including fatigue, weight gain, weakness and/or depression. Interestingly, iodine deficiency can also cause hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by weight loss, rapid heart beat, and appetite fluctations.

The Institute of Medicine established the following Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (TUL) for iodine:

• 1-3 years: 900 mcg
• 4-8 years: 300 mcg
• 9-13 years: 600 mcg
• 19 years and older: 1,100 mcg
• Pregnant women 14-18 years: 900 mcg
• Pregnant women 19 years and older: 1,100 mcg
• Lactating women 14-18 years: 900 mcg

Food processing practices often increase the amount of iodine in foods. For example, the addition of potassium iodide to table salt to produce "iodized" salt has dramatically increased the iodine intake of people in developed countries. In addition, iodine-based dough conditioners are commonly used in commercial bread-making, which increases the iodine content of the bread.

Goitrogenic compounds, are found primarily in cruciferous vegetables (for example, cabbage and broccoli), soybean products, cassava root, peanuts, mustard, and millet. Over consumption may lead to thyroid problems by reducing the amount of available iodine for the manufacture of thyroid hormones. It is believed that cooking can inactivate the goitrogenic compounds in these foods, thereby eliminating their negative impact on iodine status.

The conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodthyronine (T3) requires the removal of an iodine molecule from T4. This reaction requires the mineral selenium. The iodine molecule that is removed gets returned to the body's pool of iodine and can be reused to make additional thyroid hormones.

If your body is deficient in selenium, the conversion of T4 to T3 is slowed, and less iodine is available for the thryoid to use in making new hormones.

Animal studies have shown that arsenic interferes with the uptake of iodine by the thyroid, leading to goiter. In addition, dietary deficiency of vitamin A, vitamin E, zinc and/or iron

Kelp  - Yogurt  -  Milk  -  Eggs  -  Strawberries  -  Mozarella cheese

Referencesss

• Delange F. The role of iodine in brain development. Proc Nutr Soc 2000 Feb;59(1):75-9. PMID:15560.
• Dunn JT, Dunn AD. Update on intrathyroidal iodine metabolism. Thyroid 2001 May;11(5):407-14. PMID:15530.
• Feldt-Rasmussen U. Iodine and cancer. Thyroid 2001 May;11(5):483-6. PMID:15510.
• Groff JL, Gropper SS, Hunt SM. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. West Publishing Company, New York, 1995.
• Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press: Washington DC, 2001.
• Lininger SW, et al. A-Z guide to drug-herb-vitamin interactions. Prima Health, Rocklin, CA, 2000.
• Mahan K, Escott-Stump S. Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy. WB Saunders Company; Philadelphia, 1996.
• Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Bulow I et al. Relations between various measures of iodine intake and thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity, and serum thyroglobulin. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 Nov;76(5):1069-76 2002.
• Roti E, Uberti ED. Iodine excess and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2001 May;11(5):493-500. PMID:15500.
• Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA. Iodine and thyroid autoimmune disease in animal models. Thyroid 2001 May;11(5):427-36. PMID:15520.
• Spitzweg C, Heufelder AE, Morris JC. Thyroid iodine transport. Thyroid 2000 Apr;10(4):321-30. PMID:15570.
• Venturi S, Donati FM, Venturi A, et al. Role of iodine in evolution and carcinogenesis of thyroid, breast and stomach. Adv Clin Path 2000 Jan;4(1):11-7. PMID:15550.

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